Bladder injuries associated with cesarean section.

Bladder injury during cesarean section is unusual and may occur by failure to empty the bladder preoperatively, inadequate bladder flap reflection or incision into the vagina rather than the lower uterine segment. Three bladder injuries during cesarean section are reported. Although 2 women recovered normally 1 has persistent vesicoureteral reflux. With liberalization of indications for cesarean section bladder injuries may be seen more frequently.