Groninger L D, Groninger D H, Stiens J
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County 21228, USA.
Memory. 1995 Jun;3(2):147-67. doi: 10.1080/09658219508258963.
Four experiments are reported involving the effects of bizarre and common imagery mediation techniques on the learning and 1-week retention of surnames, given videotaped faces as cues. The videotapes contained 24 undergraduates who were photographed from about the chest up, and who introduced themselves at a 20-second rate. Experiment 1 showed that for both concrete and abstract names, immediate recall of the list was better under imagery mediation instructions than under control instructions. Experiment 2 studied the same conditions using immediate recognition memory of the list as a retrieval measure for the names, and found, despite ceiling effects, that bizarre imagery instructions facilitated recognition for concrete names. Experiment 3 showed that immediate recall could be improved if subjects were given an image mediator for every face-name pair as opposed to generating their own image mediators. Experiment 4 yielded three important findings: (a) 84% of the variance in the 1-week retention of initially recalled names was explained by the presence of absence of the original mediator during 1-week recall; (b) instructions to form image mediators facilitate recall not because image mediators are more effective than other types of mediators, but because they increase the likelihood that a mediator will be formed; (c) 1-week retention could be enhanced with an increased focus during encoding on the points where the mediation process is most likely to fail. The results of these studies are discussed within the context of mediation model wherein recall can fail at any of four stages.
本文报告了四项实验，这些实验研究了怪异和常见的意象中介技术对以录像面部为线索的姓氏学习及一周后的记忆保持的影响。录像带中有24名本科生，拍摄的是胸部以上的部位，他们以每秒20秒的速度进行自我介绍。实验1表明，对于具体和抽象的名字，在意象中介指导下对列表的即时回忆比在对照指导下更好。实验2使用对列表的即时识别记忆作为名字的检索指标，研究了相同的条件，发现尽管存在天花板效应，但怪异意象指导有助于具体名字的识别。实验3表明，如果为每个面孔-名字对都提供一个意象中介，而不是让受试者自己生成意象中介，即时回忆可以得到改善。实验4得出了三个重要发现：（a）最初回忆的名字在一周后的记忆保持中84%的方差可以通过一周回忆时原始中介是否存在来解释；（b）形成意象中介的指导有助于回忆，不是因为意象中介比其他类型的中介更有效，而是因为它们增加了形成中介的可能性；（c）通过在编码时更关注中介过程最可能失败的点，可以提高一周后的记忆保持。这些研究结果在中介模型的背景下进行了讨论，在该模型中，回忆可能在四个阶段中的任何一个阶段失败。
