Cardé R T
Environ Health Perspect. 1976 Apr;14:133-44. doi: 10.1289/ehp.14-1475097.
Pheromones are substances emitted by one individual of a species and eliciting a specific response in a second individual of the same species. In moths (Lepidoptera) generally females lure males for mating by emission of a sex attractant pheromone comprised of either one or more components. Since 1966 the identification of the pheromone blends of many moth pests has allowed investigations into the use of these messengers for population manipulation. Pheromone-baited traps may be used both to detect pest presence and to estimate population density, so that conventional control tactics can be employed only as required and timed precisely for maximum effectiveness. Attractant traps also can be utilized for direct population suppression when the traps are deployed at a density effective in reducing mating success sufficiently to achieve control. A third use pattern of pheromones and related compounds is disruption of pheromone communication via atmospheric permeation with synthetic disruptants. The behavioral modifications involved in disruption of communication may include habituation of the normal response sequence (alteration of the pheromone response threshold) and "confusion" (inability of the organism to perceive and orient to the naturally emitted lure). Disruption of communication employing the natural pheromone components as the disruptant has been most successful, although nonattractant behavioral modifiers structurally similar to the pheromone components also may prove useful. Possible future resistance to direct pheromone manipulation may be expected to involve the evolution of behavioral and sensory changes that minimize the informational overlap between the natural pheromone system and the pheromone control technique.
信息素是由一个物种的个体释放,并在同一物种的另一个体中引发特定反应的物质。在蛾类(鳞翅目)中,通常雌性通过释放由一种或多种成分组成的性引诱信息素来吸引雄性进行交配。自1966年以来,许多蛾类害虫的信息素混合物的鉴定使得人们能够研究如何利用这些信号分子来控制种群数量。用信息素诱捕的陷阱可用于检测害虫的存在和估计种群密度,这样传统的控制策略就可以仅在需要时并精确安排时间以达到最大效果。当以足够有效降低交配成功率以实现控制的密度部署诱捕器时,引诱陷阱也可用于直接抑制种群数量。信息素和相关化合物的第三种使用模式是通过用合成干扰物进行大气渗透来破坏信息素通讯。通讯破坏中涉及的行为改变可能包括正常反应序列的习惯化(信息素反应阈值的改变)和“混淆”(生物体无法感知并朝向自然释放的引诱物定向)。使用天然信息素成分作为干扰物来破坏通讯最为成功,尽管结构上与信息素成分相似的非引诱性行为调节剂也可能被证明是有用的。未来可能对直接的信息素操纵产生的抗性预计将涉及行为和感官变化的进化,这些变化会使天然信息素系统与信息素控制技术之间的信息重叠最小化。