Genetics of cutaneous melanoma.

A portion of melanoma is familial and has been associated with atypical mole syndrome. This review outlines the current understanding of the genetics of melanoma and the relationship to cutaneous nevus phenotypes. A review of genetic studies of melanoma is presented, including linkage studies. Data from a linkage study of 12 Utah kindreds and one Texas kindred are detailed. There is strong evidence both for a genetic component to melanoma and, to a lesser extent, for a genetic component to the atypical mole phenotype. Reports of linkage of melanoma/dysplastic nevus syndrome to chromosome 1p markers are now strongly in doubt. The Utah group has shown strong evidence of linkage of melanoma to chromosome 9p21 without evidence for heterogeneity. This is in the same region where chromosomal deletions are common in tumors of numerous tissues. We conclude that there is a specific melanoma susceptibility locus located on chromosome 9p. The combination of the results of linkage in families with multiple cases of melanoma and the deletion of this chromosomal region in sporadic cases of melanoma strongly suggests that this melanoma susceptibility locus acts as a tumor suppressor.