Operative treatment of the rheumatoid shoulder.

Rheumatoid arthritis can affect almost any joint. Shoulder involvement typically occurs late in the disease process and usually after other joints have manifested arthritic change. Any of the four shoulder articulations can be involved: scapulothoracic, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and glenohumeral. In addition to bony involvement, many of the soft tissues of the shoulder joint can be affected. Early operative treatment includes synovectomy with or without bursectomy, which is indicated prior to radiographic evidence of arthritis. Early synovectomy provides for a slowing of the progression of the disease process. Patients who have incapacitating pain with loss of range of motion can benefit from total shoulder replacement. Most patients experience pain relief and some restoration of motion. The restoration of normal range of motion is dependent on anatomic reconstruction of the glenohumeral joint. Factors that can affect the range of motion include rotator cuff tears and the general health status and motivation of the patient. Although there is a 30% to 80% incidence of radiographic lucencies with nonconstrained prostheses, their presence does not indicate the need for revision surgery. Occasionally, there is medialization of the glenohumeral joint with central bony losses of the glenoid. The surgeon should try to bone graft the defect and lateralize the components. If there is massive medialization of the glenoid that is not reconstructable, then a hemiarthroplasty is the procedure of choice.