Sequence specific binding of the transcription factor c-Ets1 to the human immunodeficiency virus type I long terminal repeat.

Human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) driven transcription is regulated by a variety of cellular transcription factors. Most work has focused on the two nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) elements indispensable for HIV-1 LTR enhancer function. We demonstrate here the specific binding of the transcription factor c-Ets1 to an U3 region of the HIV-1 LTR (nt -141 to -149) using electrophoretic mobility shift analysis with T-cell nuclear extract and in vitro translated protein. This previously not identified Ets binding site is highly conserved among different HIV-1 isolates and maps to an U3 region recently shown to be necessary for viral growth in vitro. The c-Ets proto-oncogene family of transcription factors has yet been associated with HTLV-I and HIV-2 transcription. Our present analysis suggests an important role of c-Ets proteins in HIV-1 transcription.