Spermidine release from xenopus oocytes. Electrodiffusion through a membrane channel.

The mechanism of spermidine release from Xenopus oocytes was examined by measuring release of radioactive [3H]spermidine under different ionic conditions, and under voltage-clamp. In normal solution (2 mM K+), the efflux rate is less than 1% per hour, and is stimulated approximately 2-fold by inclusion of Ca2+ (1 mm) in the incubation medium. Spermidine efflux is stimulated approximately 10-fold in high [K+] (KD98) solution. In KD98 solution, efflux is strongly inhibited by divalent cations (Ki for Ba2+ block of spermidine efflux is approximately 0.1 mM), but not by tetraethylammonium ions or verapamil. Spermidine efflux rates were not different between control oocytes and those expressing HRK1 inward rectifier K+ (Kir) channels. When the membrane potential was clamped, either by changing external [K+] in oocytes expressing HRK1, or by 2-microelectrode voltage-clamp, spermidine efflux was shown to be strongly dependent on voltage, as expected for a simple electrodiffusive process, where spermidine3+ is the effluxing species. This result argues against spermidine diffusing out as an uncharged species, or in exchange for similarly charged counterions. These results are the first conclusive demonstration of a simple electrodiffusive pathway for spermidine efflux from cells.