Vössing M, Eckel H E
Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenerkrankungen, Universität zu Köln.
HNO. 1996 Feb;44(2):61-7.
Hospital-acquired or nosocomial infections are infections that are neither present nor incubating at the time of admission. They must become manifest by 48 h after admission. They raise significantly the morbidity, mortality, and economic burden of the underlying disease. Nosocomial infections occur in 2.5-9.5% of all hospitalizations. They are mainly found in intensive care units and surgical wards. Urinary tract infections are the most frequent, followed by wound infections, pneumonia, infections of the skin and mucosa, bloodstream infections and others. The major pathogens causing nosocomial infections are Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, enterococcus and Pseudomonas. Methicillin-resistant pathogens must be considered. In Germany the direct costs of excessive hospital stays exceed 3 billion DM annually. Preventive measures reduce current nosocomial infections. The CDC suggest that these measures include a trained hospital epidemiologist, an infection control nurse, an active surveillance program and data feedback to surgeons about their wound infection rates.
医院获得性感染或医院内感染是指患者入院时不存在也未处于潜伏期的感染。这些感染必须在入院后48小时内显现出来。它们会显著增加基础疾病的发病率、死亡率和经济负担。医院内感染在所有住院患者中的发生率为2.5%至9.5%。主要发生在重症监护病房和外科病房。尿路感染最为常见，其次是伤口感染、肺炎、皮肤和黏膜感染、血流感染等。引起医院内感染的主要病原体是金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、肠球菌和铜绿假单胞菌。必须考虑耐甲氧西林的病原体。在德国，因住院时间过长产生的直接费用每年超过30亿德国马克。预防措施可减少当前的医院内感染。美国疾病控制与预防中心建议这些措施包括一名受过培训的医院流行病学家、一名感染控制护士、一个主动监测项目以及向外科医生反馈其伤口感染率的数据。
