Gottesmann C
Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1996 Autumn;20(3):367-87. doi: 10.1016/0149-7634(95)00055-0.
Paradoxical sleep in rats, cats and mice is usually preceded and sometimes followed by a short-lasting (a few seconds) electroencephalogram (EEG) stage characterized by high-amplitude spindles in the anterior cortex and low-frequency theta rhythm in the dorsal hippocampus. The former is an index of advanced slow-wave sleep; the latter is an index of limbic activation since it occurs during active waking and paradoxical sleep. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines extend this intermediate stage at the expense of paradoxical sleep while concomitantly barbiturates suppress the pontine reticular activation characteristic of this sleep stage. During the intermediate stage, thalamocortical responsiveness and thalamic transmission level, which are controlled by brain stem activating influences, are the lowest of all sleep-waking stages. The unusual EEG pattern of this stage is otherwise only observed in the acute intercollicular-transected preparation. Therefore, forebrain structures may be functionally briefly disconnected from the brain-stem during this short-lasting stage, which could possibly account for the mental content of a similar sleep period in humans. In spite of strong evidence in favour of this forebrain deafferentiation hypothesis, other data indicate that the IS is in some way linked either to slow-wave sleep or to paradoxical sleep.
大鼠、猫和小鼠的异相睡眠通常之前会有一个短暂持续（几秒）的脑电图（EEG）阶段，有时之后也会出现该阶段，其特征为前额叶皮质出现高振幅纺锤波，背侧海马体出现低频θ节律。前者是深度慢波睡眠的一个指标；后者是边缘系统激活的一个指标，因为它出现在主动觉醒和异相睡眠期间。巴比妥类药物和苯二氮䓬类药物会延长这个中间阶段，代价是异相睡眠减少，同时巴比妥类药物会抑制这个睡眠阶段特有的脑桥网状激活。在中间阶段，由脑干激活影响所控制的丘脑皮质反应性和丘脑传递水平在所有睡眠-觉醒阶段中是最低的。这个阶段不同寻常的脑电图模式在其他情况下仅在急性脑桥间横断的实验标本中观察到。因此，在前脑结构在这个短暂阶段可能会在功能上与脑干短暂断开连接，这可能解释了人类类似睡眠阶段的心理内容。尽管有强有力的证据支持这个前脑去传入假说，但其他数据表明中间阶段在某种程度上与慢波睡眠或异相睡眠有关。
