Ekelund L, Jonsson K
Int Urol Nephrol. 1977;9(1):3-10. doi: 10.1007/BF02082659.
The primary symptoms and signs, indicating urography, in 369 patients with renal carcinoma have been reviewed. Gross haematuria was noted in 33%, signs of malignancy in 20% and in 13% metastases were first diagnosed. In 15% the renal tumor was an incidental finding at urography performed because of prostatism, cystopyelitis, hypertension and prostatic carcinoma. It is concluded that every urography must have such a high quality as to be able to evaluate the entire urinary system in all patients, as a renal carcinoma may be found at urography in any patient above the age of 30 years.
对369例肾癌患者进行了回顾性研究，这些患者的主要症状和体征提示需进行尿路造影检查。33%的患者出现肉眼血尿，20%的患者有恶性肿瘤体征，13%的患者首次诊断为转移。15%的患者因前列腺增生、膀胱炎、高血压和前列腺癌行尿路造影检查时偶然发现肾肿瘤。得出的结论是，每次尿路造影都必须具备高质量，以便能够评估所有患者的整个泌尿系统，因为30岁以上的任何患者在尿路造影时都可能发现肾癌。
