Syncope: current diagnosis and treatment.

The patient with syncope often poses a formidable diagnostic challenge. A large number of underlying causes must be considered, ranging in severity from benign to life-threatening. A careful, systematic clinical evaluation beginning with a history, physical examination, and ECG will establish the diagnosis in most patients, and the judicious use of specialized testing will confirm or uncover the cause in many of the remaining cases. Further basic and clinical research into the pathogenesis and treatment of neurocardiogenic syncope, the role of HUT testing in neurally mediated syncope, and the optimal use of EPS in patients with cardiac disease will markedly improve our management of these patients in the future.