Sandvig K, Garred O, van Deurs B
Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;412:225-32. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1828-4_34.
Bacterial toxins are associated with disease in humans and animals. Toxins can either be preformed in food or produced by bacteria in the intestine. There are two types of toxins: heat-labile protein toxins and heat stabile toxins. Heat labile toxins are produced by Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio cholerae, and heat-stabile enterotoxins consisting of relatively few amino acids are produced by Escherichia coli and acts by activation of guanylate cyclase. Similarly, heat-stabile entero-toxins are also produced by Staphylococcus aureus, a common cause of food poisoning in the United States, and Yersenia enterocolitica. Protein toxins produced by enteric bacteria can intoxicate intestinal cells and can also be taken up from the gut and reach other cells in the body. For example the Shiga-like toxins (vero-toxins) can intoxicate endothelial cells in the kidney and cause kidney failure. Intracellular transport and processing of a few of the protein toxins produced by enteric bacteria, namely Clostridium difficile toxin A and B, cholera toxin and the related heat-labile toxin produced by Escherichia coli, and Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxins are presented.
细菌毒素与人类和动物的疾病相关。毒素既可以在食物中预先形成，也可以由肠道中的细菌产生。毒素有两种类型：热不稳定蛋白毒素和热稳定毒素。热不稳定毒素由蜡样芽孢杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌、大肠杆菌和霍乱弧菌产生，而由相对较少氨基酸组成的热稳定肠毒素由大肠杆菌产生，并通过激活鸟苷酸环化酶起作用。同样，热稳定肠毒素也由金黄色葡萄球菌（美国食物中毒的常见原因）和小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌产生。肠道细菌产生的蛋白毒素可使肠道细胞中毒，也可从肠道吸收并到达体内其他细胞。例如，志贺样毒素（维罗毒素）可使肾脏中的内皮细胞中毒并导致肾衰竭。文中介绍了几种肠道细菌产生的蛋白毒素，即艰难梭菌毒素A和B、霍乱毒素以及大肠杆菌产生的相关热不稳定毒素、志贺毒素和志贺样毒素的细胞内运输和加工过程。
