Modulatory role of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on pancreatic islet insulin release via the cyclic AMP pathway in the rat.

1. Previous studies have shown that vitamin D3 deficiency impairs the insulin response to glucose via an alteration of signal transduction pathways, such as Ca2+ handling and the phosphoinositide pathway. In the present study the adenylyl cyclase pathway was examined in islets from 3 independent groups: normal rats, 4 weeks-vitamin D3 deficient rats and one week-1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) treated rats. 2. We found that the very low rate of insulin release observed in vitamin D3 deficient rats could be restored in vitamin D3 deficient islets only with high concentrations of dioctanoyl-cyclic AMP (DO-cyclic AMP), whereas 1,25(OH)2D3 improved the sensitivity of the islets to this exogenous cyclic AMP analogue. 3. The beneficial effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 observed with or without DO-cyclic AMP was protein kinase A-dependent, since the addition of N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino) ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulphonamide (H-89), a specific inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases, decreased the insulin release of treated rats back to the level seen in vitamin D3 deficient islets. 4. The low rate of insulin release could not be consistently related to an alteration in cyclic AMP content of the islets. Indeed, low insulin response to a barium+theophylline stimulus observed in vitamin D3 deficient islets was paradoxically associated with a supranormal cyclic AMP content in the islets. 5. This paradoxical increase in cyclic AMP observed in these conditions could not be attributed to a lower total phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity, although the portion of Ca(2+)-calmodulin-independent PDE was predominant in islets from vitamin D3 deficient rats. 6. On the other hand, the higher cyclic AMP content of vitamin D3 deficient islets could be related to an increase in glucagon-induced cyclic AMP synthesis in relation to the hyperglucagonaemia previously observed in vitamin D3 deficient rats. Since higher concentrations of exogenous glucagon and higher endogenous cyclic AMP concentrations were required in vitro to restore insulin release to normal values, the cyclic AMP-dependent pathways that usually potentiate insulin secretion appeared to be less efficient in relation to an alteration in the post cyclic AMP effector system. 7. 1,25(OH)2D3 exerted a stimulating effect on insulin release via protein kinase A activation but reduced the supranormal cyclic AMP synthesis, thus exerting a differential modulatory influence on biochemical disturbances in islets induced by vitamin D3 deficiency.