Comparative EPR and redox studies of three prokaryotic enzymes of the xanthine oxidase family: quinoline 2-oxidoreductase, quinaldine 4-oxidase, and isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase.

For three prokaryotic enzymes of the xanthine oxidase family, namely quinoline 2-oxidoreductase, quinaldine 4-oxidase, and isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase, the electron transfer centers were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance. The enzymes are containing a molybdenum-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide cofactor, two distinct [2Fe-2S] clusters and, apart from isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase, a flavin adenine dinucleotide. The latter cofactor yields two different organic radical signals in quinoline 2-oxidoreductase and quinaldine 4-oxidase, typical for the neutral and anionic form, respectively. A "rapid" Mo(V) species is present in all enzymes with small differences in magnetic parameters. From spectra simulation of 95Mo-substituted quinoline 2-oxidoreductase, a deviation of 25 degrees between the maximal g and 95Mo-hyperfine tensor component was derived. The very rapid Mo(V) species was detected in small amounts upon reduction with substrates in quinoline 2-oxidoreductase and quinaldine 4-oxidase, but showed a different kinetic behavior with considerable EPR intensities in isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase. The FeSI and FeSII centers produced different signals in all three enzymes and, in case of isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase, revealed a dipolar interaction, from which a maximum distance of 15 A between FeSI and FeSII was estimated. The midpoint potentials of the FeS centers were surprisingly different and determined for FeSI/FeSII with -155/-195 mV in quinoline 2-oxidoreductase, -250/-70 mV in quinaldine 4-oxidase, and +65/+10 mV in isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase. The slopes of the fitting curves for the Nernst equation are indicative for nonideal behavior. Only in quinoline 2-oxidoreductase, an averaged midpoint potential of the molybdenum redox pairs of about -390 mV could be determined. Both of the other enzymes did not produce Mo(V) signals in redox titration experiments, probably because of direct reduction of Mo(VI) to Mo(IV) in the presence of dithionite.