Rutledge D N, Ropka M, Greene P E, Nail L, Mooney K H
Health Services, University of Virginia Center for Survey Research, Charlottesville, USA.
Oncol Nurs Forum. 1998 Apr;25(3):497-506.
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe and compare barriers to research utilization faced by oncology staff nurses and nurse managers/clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) and to compare these to barriers identified by other nurses.
Exploratory descriptive.
National.
Proportional random sample of 2,000 Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) staff nurses (n = 769) from seven practice settings. ONS participants recruited oncology staff nurses (n = 331) and nurse managers/CNSs involved in cancer care (n = 407).
Mailings, including a demographic questionnaire and Barriers Scale, were sent to ONS nurses, and reminder postcards were sent to increase the return rate.
Barrier categories: characteristics of the adopter (nurse), organization, innovation (research itself), and communication, individual item barriers. Nurse and worksite characteristics.
Differences existed in oncology nurses' perceptions of the extent to which the adopter, organization, and innovation characteristics served as obstacles to research utilization. Nurse managers/CNSs perceived that each of these acted as a greater barrier than did staff nurses. Both groups perceived communication characteristics as a moderate barrier. Oncology nurses, as a group, responded similarly to other nurse samples regarding research and communication characteristics. Perceptions of oncology nurse managers/CNSs were similar to those of administrators in other studies. Oncology staff nurses rated barriers lower than nurses, including clinicians, in other samples.
For oncology nurses, organization, research, and communication barriers persist as impediments to research utilization. Nurse adopter characteristics may be diminishing as obstacles for staff nurses but not for nurse managers/CNSs. The decreased strength that oncology nurses attributed to barriers may reflect a benefit of practicing nursing in a specialty.
Decreasing known barriers would facilitate research-based practice in oncology. Nurse leaders can create environments conducive to research utilization by altering existing mechanisms, facilitating access to nursing research experts, supporting time for research utilization efforts, giving authority for practice changes, and offering continuing education related to research utilization processes. Nurse managers/CNSs need to increase their familiarity with research and research utilization, ensuring their awareness of pertinent clinical findings. Perceptual gaps between staff nurses and nurse managers/CNSs regarding research utilization require discussion and formal investigation. Researchers must communicate in clinician-friendly ways. All nurses need to demand and facilitate access to research findings.
目的/目标：描述并比较肿瘤专科护士与护士管理者/临床护理专家（CNS）在研究成果应用方面面临的障碍，并将这些障碍与其他护士所面临的障碍进行比较。
探索性描述性研究。
全国范围。
从七个实践场所按比例随机抽取2000名肿瘤护理学会（ONS）的专科护士（n = 769）。ONS的参与者招募了肿瘤专科护士（n = 331）以及参与癌症护理的护士管理者/CNS（n = 407）。
向ONS护士邮寄包含人口统计学调查问卷和障碍量表的邮件，并发送提醒明信片以提高回复率。
障碍类别：采纳者（护士）、组织、创新（研究本身）和沟通的特征，单个项目障碍。护士及工作场所特征。
肿瘤专科护士对采纳者、组织和创新特征在多大程度上成为研究成果应用障碍的认知存在差异。护士管理者/CNS认为这些因素中的每一个所构成的障碍都比专科护士所认为的更大。两组都认为沟通特征是一个中等程度的障碍。作为一个群体，肿瘤专科护士在研究和沟通特征方面的反应与其他护士样本相似。肿瘤专科护士管理者/CNS的认知与其他研究中的管理者相似。肿瘤专科护士对障碍的评分低于其他样本中的护士，包括临床医生。
对于肿瘤专科护士而言，组织、研究和沟通障碍仍然是研究成果应用的阻碍。采纳者（护士）的特征对于专科护士来说可能不再是障碍，但对于护士管理者/CNS来说并非如此。肿瘤专科护士认为障碍的强度降低可能反映了专科护理实践的益处。
减少已知障碍将有助于肿瘤学领域基于研究的实践。护士领导者可以通过改变现有机制、促进接触护理研究专家、支持研究成果应用工作的时间、赋予实践变革的权力以及提供与研究成果应用过程相关的继续教育，来营造有利于研究成果应用的环境。护士管理者/CNS需要增加对研究及研究成果应用的熟悉程度，确保他们了解相关的临床研究结果。专科护士与护士管理者/CNS在研究成果应用方面的认知差距需要进行讨论和正式调查。研究人员必须采用对临床医生友好的方式进行沟通。所有护士都需要要求并促进获取研究结果。
