Braverman Y
Kimnon Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.
Med Vet Entomol. 1998 Apr;12(2):192-5. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00103.x.
During the past two decades, parasitism by the German yellow jacket wasp, Paravespula germanica, on lactating dairy cattle has occurred in Israel during August to October annually, affecting up to 65% of cows in certain herds. The nibbled and exposed tissues of teats and sometimes udders become infested by bacteria, especially Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Actinomyces pyogenes, causing clinical and subclinical mastitis. Normally, German wasps are primarily insect predators, but the urbanization around many dairy farms has reduced open space and associated standard food sources, i.e. insects, plants and carcasses. This has resulted in P. germanica nesting more often on dairy farms. In some instances, when high densities of P. germanica correspond with scarcity of prey, a segment of the wasp population preys primarily on the older and heavier cows with weak defensive behaviour. The teat feeding colonies of P. germanica may have an advantage, in that they are less dependent on fluctuations in the number of prey insects.
在过去二十年里，每年8月至10月期间，德国黄胡蜂（Paravespula germanica）都会寄生在以色列的泌乳奶牛身上，某些牛群中受影响的奶牛比例高达65%。乳头以及有时乳房被咬啮和暴露的组织会被细菌感染，尤其是乳房链球菌和化脓放线菌，从而引发临床和亚临床乳腺炎。通常情况下，德国黄蜂主要以昆虫为食，但许多奶牛场周边的城市化进程减少了开放空间以及相关的标准食物来源，即昆虫、植物和尸体。这导致德国黄胡蜂更频繁地在奶牛场筑巢。在某些情况下，当德国黄胡蜂的高密度群体与猎物稀缺同时出现时，一部分黄蜂种群主要捕食防御行为较弱的老龄和较重的奶牛。德国黄胡蜂以乳头为食的群体可能具有优势，因为它们较少依赖猎物昆虫数量的波动。
