Kemp E D
Center for Family Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
Postgrad Med. 1998 Jun;103(6):88-90, 93-6, 102 passim. doi: 10.3810/pgm.1998.06.505.
Bites and stings from arthropods are largely inevitable because of the number of offending species and their distribution throughout our environment. Wasps, bees, ants, mosquitoes, gnats, chiggers, and fleas are found all across the United States. Thus far, Africanized honeybees are limited to southwestern states and fire ants to southern states. Brown recluse spiders are found most often in the Midwest and south central region, but the black widow spider is found in all 48 contiguous states. The dangerous Centruroides species of scorpion live mostly in southern states and California. Fortunately, in most people, bites and stings from arthropods produce only self-limited reactions, which can usually be managed with cold packs, analgesics, and topical agents. In the few encounters that produce serious reactions, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment result in a good outcome in nearly all cases. The number of stings and bites can be reduced with use of a few basic avoidance and protection measures.
由于致病节肢动物种类繁多且分布于我们周围环境中，节肢动物叮咬在很大程度上难以避免。黄蜂、蜜蜂、蚂蚁、蚊子、蚋、恙螨和跳蚤在美国各地都有发现。到目前为止，非洲化蜜蜂仅限于美国西南部各州，火蚁则限于南部各州。棕色遁蛛最常见于中西部和中南部地区，但黑寡妇蜘蛛在美国本土48个州均有发现。危险的毒蝎种类主要生活在南部各州和加利福尼亚州。幸运的是，对大多数人来说，节肢动物叮咬只会引起自限性反应，通常可用冷敷、镇痛药和局部用药来处理。在少数引发严重反应的情况下，几乎在所有病例中，及时诊断和适当治疗都会带来良好的结果。采取一些基本的避免和防护措施可以减少叮咬的次数。
