Carias D, Velásquez G, Cioccia A M, Piñero D, Inciarte H, Hevia P
Laboratorio de Nutrición, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela.
Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1997 Jun;47(2):110-7.
Human milk is considered the ideal food for the infant and it has been extensively used to estimate its nutrient requirements. The objective of this paper was to determine the effect of lactation time on the macronutrient an mineral content of milks obtained from Venezuelan women and also to compare this with the established nutrient requirements of the infant. For this purpose 83 milk samples from 45 low income mothers were analyzed at the colostrum (48 h to 54 d) and mature states of lactation (1.3 and 6 months). The results showed that colostrum had a higher protein and a lower fat content than mature milks whereas its content of energy and carbohydrate was similar to mature milk. The iron and calcium content of the milk remained unchanged during the whole study whereas Zn and Cu decreased and increased with lactation time respectively. In contrast, phosphorous and magnesium increased up to 3rd month of lactation and remained constant there after. The macronutrient content of 850 ml of the analyzed milk almost completely fulfilled the daily infant requirements established in the US (RDA) and Canada (RNI). The mineral content of this volume of milk however was insufficient to cover the infants requirements particularly those established in the US. The most notorious deficiency in these milks was in Fe since they could fulfill only 11% the infants RDA for this mineral. The infant mineral requirements established in Canada are substantially lower than those defined in the US and therefore the analyzed milks could totally fulfill the Canadian infant daily requirements of Mg, Fe and Ca and more than 70% and 80% of the requirements of Zn and P. In general, the results of this study showed that the nutrient content of the analyzed milks agree well with those reported in the literature for women from different parts of the world including developed and underdeveloped areas. At the same time they pointed out the differences in the definition of the infant nutrient requirements set by different countries and also emphasize the fact that human milk, which by definition is the natural source of nutrients for the human infant apparently is incapable of fulfilling its daily requirements.
母乳被认为是婴儿的理想食物，并且已被广泛用于估计其营养需求。本文的目的是确定哺乳期对委内瑞拉妇女乳汁中常量营养素和矿物质含量的影响，并将其与婴儿既定的营养需求进行比较。为此，对45名低收入母亲的83份乳汁样本在初乳期（48小时至54天）和哺乳期成熟阶段（1、3和6个月）进行了分析。结果表明，初乳的蛋白质含量高于成熟乳汁，脂肪含量低于成熟乳汁，而其能量和碳水化合物含量与成熟乳汁相似。在整个研究过程中，乳汁中的铁和钙含量保持不变，而锌和铜分别随着哺乳期的延长而减少和增加。相比之下，磷和镁在哺乳期第三个月前增加，之后保持恒定。分析的850毫升乳汁中的常量营养素含量几乎完全满足美国（RDA）和加拿大（RNI）规定的婴儿每日需求。然而，该体积乳汁中的矿物质含量不足以满足婴儿需求，特别是美国规定的需求。这些乳汁中最明显的不足是铁，因为它们只能满足婴儿该矿物质RDA的11%。加拿大规定的婴儿矿物质需求大大低于美国规定的需求，因此分析的乳汁可以完全满足加拿大婴儿对镁、铁和钙的每日需求，以及锌和磷需求的70%和80%以上。总体而言，本研究结果表明，分析乳汁的营养成分与世界不同地区（包括发达和不发达地区）妇女的文献报道结果非常吻合。同时，它们指出了不同国家设定的婴儿营养需求定义的差异，并强调了这样一个事实，即母乳作为人类婴儿营养的天然来源，显然无法满足其每日需求。
