Fremouw T, Herbranson W T, Shimp C P
Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA.
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1998 Jul;24(3):278-90. doi: 10.1037//0097-7403.24.3.278.
Humans can shift attention between parts and wholes, as shown in experiments with complex hierarchical stimuli, such as larger, global letters constructed from smaller, local letters. In these experiments, a target stimulus appears at either the local or the global level, with a distractor at the other level. A shift of attention between levels is said to be demonstrated through a form of priming, whereby targets at one level are presented with a higher probability than at the other level. This base-rate type of priming can facilitate speed of responding to targets, as seen in shorter reaction times to targets at the primed level. Experiment 1 demonstrated such a priming effect in pigeons. Experiment 2 confirmed this priming, by showing that accuracy remained high for familiar targets, at either level, even when distractors at the other level were novel.
人类能够在局部与整体之间转移注意力，这在针对复杂分层刺激的实验中得到了证明，比如由较小的局部字母构成的较大的全局字母。在这些实验中，目标刺激出现在局部或全局层面，而干扰项则出现在另一层面。注意力在不同层面之间的转移据说是通过一种启动效应来证明的，即一个层面的目标出现的概率高于另一个层面。这种基本概率类型的启动效应可以提高对目标的反应速度，这在对启动层面的目标的反应时间更短中可以看到。实验1在鸽子身上证明了这种启动效应。实验2通过表明，即使另一层面的干扰项是新的，熟悉的目标在任何一个层面的准确率都仍然很高，从而证实了这种启动效应。
