Miller H G, Cain V S, Rogers S M, Gribble J N, Turner C F
Program in Health and Behavioral Measurement, Research Triangle Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
Fam Plann Perspect. 1999 Jan-Feb;31(1):4-9, 23.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) of bacterial origin such as gonorrhea and chlamydial infection can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility. Identifying behaviors and characteristics associated with infection may assist in preventing these often asymptomatic diseases and their sequelae.
Data from 9,882 sexually active women who participated in the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth describe the characteristics of women who report a history of infection with a bacterial STD or of treatment for PID. Multivariate analysis is used to determine which demographic characteristics and sexual and health-related behaviors affect the likelihood of infection or the occurrence of complications.
Overall, 6% of sexually active women reported a history of a bacterial STD, and 8% reported a history of PID. Women who first had sexual intercourse before age 15 were nearly four times as likely to report a bacterial STD, and more than twice as likely to report PID, as were women who first had sex after age 18. Having more than five lifetime sexual partners also was associated with both having an STD and having PID. PID was more common among women reporting a history of a bacterial STD (23%) than among women who reported no such history (7%). In multivariate analyses, age, race, age at first intercourse and lifetime number of sexual partners had a significant effect on the risk of a bacterial STD. Education, age, a history of IUD use, douching and a history of a bacterial STD had a significant impact on the risk of PID, but early onset of intercourse did not, and lifetime number of partners had only a marginal effect.
The pattern of characteristics and behaviors that place women at risk of infection with bacterial STDs is not uniform among groups of women. Further, the level of self-reported PID would suggest higher rates of gonorrhea and chlamydial infection than reported.
淋病和衣原体感染等细菌性性传播疾病（STD）可导致盆腔炎（PID）和不孕症。识别与感染相关的行为和特征可能有助于预防这些通常无症状的疾病及其后遗症。
来自9882名性活跃女性的数据，这些女性参与了1995年全国家庭生育调查，描述了报告有细菌性STD感染史或PID治疗史的女性的特征。多变量分析用于确定哪些人口统计学特征以及与性和健康相关的行为会影响感染的可能性或并发症的发生。
总体而言，6%的性活跃女性报告有细菌性STD病史，8%报告有PID病史。首次性交发生在15岁之前的女性报告细菌性STD的可能性几乎是18岁之后首次发生性行为的女性的四倍，报告PID的可能性是后者的两倍多。一生中有超过五个性伴侣也与患有STD和PID有关。PID在报告有细菌性STD病史的女性中（23%）比没有此类病史的女性中（7%）更常见。在多变量分析中，年龄、种族、首次性交年龄和一生中性伴侣数量对细菌性STD的风险有显著影响。教育程度、年龄、使用宫内节育器的历史、灌洗和细菌性STD病史对PID的风险有显著影响，但性交早发没有影响，性伴侣数量仅产生边际影响。
使女性有感染细菌性STD风险的特征和行为模式在不同女性群体中并不统一。此外，自我报告的PID水平表明淋病和衣原体感染率高于报告的水平。
