Savory C J
Poultry Science Department, Scottish Agricultural College, Scotland, United Kingdom.
J Exp Zool. 1999;283(4-5):339-47. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19990301/01)283:4/5<339::aid-jez4>3.0.co;2-6.
This paper summarises knowledge about temporal control of ad libitum feeding in poultry, from minute to minute, hour to hour and day to day, and about how it relates to aspects of gastrointestinal function. Evidence is presented of only loose control over initiation and termination of spontaneous meals, and it is proposed that degrees of hunger and satiety determine probabilities of feeding starting and stopping. Voluntary regulation of food intake can be considered in terms of adjustments in mean meal size, meal frequency or both. Short-term variation is associated more with meal frequency and longer-term changes more with meal size. Short-term adjustments appear to depend more on alimentary control and longer-term adjustments more on metabolic control (not considered here). Long-term changes affecting meal size are associated with changes in capacity of parts of the alimentary tract. Food can accumulate in the crop and gizzard, and meal initiation and termination are associated with varying degrees of emptying and filling of these diverticula during most of the day. Later in the day there is usually a conditioned change to cumulative filling of the crop (and gizzard) with food that is digested overnight. Possible roles of osmo-/chemoreceptors and gut peptides are discussed.
本文总结了关于家禽自由采食时间控制的知识，包括从分钟到分钟、小时到小时以及天到天的时间控制，以及它与胃肠功能各方面的关系。文中提出证据表明，对自发采食的开始和结束仅有松散的控制，并认为饥饿和饱腹感的程度决定了采食开始和停止的概率。可以从平均采食大小、采食频率或两者的调整方面来考虑食物摄入量的自愿调节。短期变化更多地与采食频率相关，而长期变化更多地与采食大小相关。短期调整似乎更多地依赖于消化道控制，而长期调整更多地依赖于代谢控制（本文未作考虑）。影响采食大小的长期变化与消化道部分区域容量的变化有关。食物可在嗉囊和砂囊中积聚，在一天的大部分时间里，采食的开始和结束与这些憩室不同程度的排空和充盈有关。在一天的晚些时候，通常会出现一种条件性变化，即嗉囊（和砂囊）逐渐累积充满过夜消化的食物。文中还讨论了渗透压/化学感受器和肠道肽的可能作用。
