Sundbom E, Jacobsson L, Kullgren G, Penayo U
Department of Applied Psychology, Umeå University, Sweden.
Psychol Rep. 1998 Dec;83(3 Pt 2):1331-47. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1331.
This study examined cross-cultural variability in personality and defenses among Nicaraguan and Swedish healthy individuals, patients with borderline personality disorder and schizophrenic disorders by means of the projective perceptual Defense Mechanism Test. The over-all aim was to test the hypothesis proposed by Anthony Marsella of 'severity related cross-cultural variability' suggesting that differences in symptom profile or personality patterns between cultures are most pronounced among healthy individuals and less so among individuals with severe mental disorders as they are perceived as more universal and less culturally determined. The over-all results showed that cross-cultural differences were in accordance with the proposed hypothesis. In addition, there were significant intracultural differences between the different diagnostic groups in both countries. The conclusion is that the Defense Mechanism Test and Partial Least Squares analysis seem to be powerful methods for personality assessment and potentially for cross-cultural research, and culture-specific norms in the Defense Mechanism Test must be employed.
本研究通过投射性感知防御机制测试，考察了尼加拉瓜和瑞典健康个体、边缘性人格障碍患者及精神分裂症患者在人格和防御方面的跨文化差异。总体目标是检验安东尼·马塞拉提出的“严重程度相关的跨文化差异”假说，该假说认为，不同文化之间症状表现或人格模式的差异在健康个体中最为显著，而在患有严重精神障碍的个体中则不那么明显，因为后者被认为更具普遍性且受文化影响较小。总体结果表明，跨文化差异与所提出的假说相符。此外，两国不同诊断组之间存在显著的文化内部差异。结论是，防御机制测试和偏最小二乘法分析似乎是用于人格评估以及潜在地用于跨文化研究的有力方法，并且必须采用防御机制测试中特定文化的常模。
