Globisch J, Hamm A O, Esteves F, Ohman A
University of Greifswald, Germany.
Psychophysiology. 1999 Jan;36(1):66-75. doi: 10.1017/s0048577299970634.
The temporal course of startle reflex modulation and autonomic response patterns to fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant pictures in subjects with high and low levels of animal fear was investigated. Thirty-eight high-fear and 48 low-fear volunteers viewed photos of snakes and spiders and pictures of neutral and pleasant content. The slides were presented for 6 s or for only 150 ms, depending on the group. Acoustic startle probes were presented at five different times after slide onset. Relative potentiation of the startle responses started 300 ms after onset of snake/spider pictures in fearful subjects. This fear-potentiated startle effect was maintained for the later probe times and was identical in the 150-ms condition. Fear-relevant pictures also prompted a sympathetically dominated autonomic response profile in fearful persons. These data support the idea that fear can be activated very rapidly, requiring only minimal stimulus input.
研究了高动物恐惧水平和低动物恐惧水平的受试者对与恐惧相关和与恐惧无关图片的惊吓反射调节的时间进程和自主反应模式。38名高恐惧志愿者和48名低恐惧志愿者观看了蛇和蜘蛛的照片以及中性和愉悦内容的图片。根据分组情况，幻灯片呈现6秒或仅150毫秒。在幻灯片开始后的五个不同时间呈现听觉惊吓探针。在恐惧的受试者中，惊吓反应的相对增强在蛇/蜘蛛图片开始后300毫秒开始。这种恐惧增强的惊吓效应在随后的探针时间内持续存在，并且在150毫秒条件下是相同的。与恐惧相关的图片也促使恐惧者出现以交感神经为主导的自主反应特征。这些数据支持这样一种观点，即恐惧可以非常迅速地被激活，只需要极少的刺激输入。
