Other immunomodulatory therapies in multiple sclerosis.

This short review concentrates on immunomodulatory disease-modifying approaches that are under development for the treatment of multiple sclerosis based on present concepts of the immunopathogenesis of the disease that especially involve T-cells and macrophages as being prominently involved in inducing tissue destruction and on the advances that have been made in recent years by studying other treatment interventions that have been applied and that have been shown to be either successful (interferon beta, copolymer-1) or unsuccessful (many others).