Piccolo E, Delise P, Raviele A, De Piccoli B, Totaro G, Lucangeli F
G Ital Cardiol. 1976;6(8):1396-404.
Morphological aspects and the most important vectorial parameters of the VCG (Frank method) of normal children, aged 2 to 12 years, were analyzed. The total group consisted of 110 subjects (10 for each )ear) subdivided into three subgroups of progressive age. Semeiologic evaluation of the QRS in the frontal and sagittal planes was not significant because of the stereotypes of the figures. In the horizontal plane the majority of cases showed typical triphasic development of the vectorial groups, while biphasic morphology was found in the minority. The triphasic loop presented 1) a balance between anterior and posterior forces which was more frequent in the youngest children, 2) a posterior orientation which was more frequent in the oldest children or 3) an anterior orientation which was infrequent. Since the anterior orientation of triphasic QRS was not related to the age -- it may also be seen in normal adults -- it was attributed to a variation of ventricular activation. The biphasic loop was attributed to immaturity of ventricular conduction. The evaluation of quantitative parameters was in agreement with the results of other studies. The changes of initial and intermediate vectors were probably due to the more important development of the left ventricle. The QRS duration increased with age. The T loop was posterior in the majority of the youngest children and progressively advanced with age, although it remained posterior in an important number of cases of children aged twelve.
分析了2至12岁正常儿童的心电图向量图（Frank法）的形态学方面及最重要的向量参数。总共有110名受试者（每个年龄段10名），分为三个年龄递增的亚组。由于图形的刻板性，额面和矢状面QRS的半定量评估无显著意义。在水平面，大多数病例显示向量组典型的三相发展，少数为双相形态。三相环表现为：1）前后力量平衡，在最小的儿童中更常见；2）后向，在最大的儿童中更常见；3）前向，较少见。由于三相QRS的前向与年龄无关（在正常成年人中也可见），故归因于心室激动的变异。双相环归因于心室传导不成熟。定量参数评估与其他研究结果一致。初始和中间向量的变化可能是由于左心室更重要的发育。QRS时限随年龄增加。T环在大多数最小的儿童中位于后方，随年龄逐渐前移，尽管在12岁儿童的许多病例中仍位于后方。
