Eckes L
Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb. 1976;122(4):535-69.
The physiological mechanisms of adaptation will be reported. In a primary step of adaptation, the body reacts with immediate response, which already leads to a first classification: whether or not altitude will be tolerated by an individual. More steady biological processes follow with the same intention of balancing oxygen deficiency. They may be successful and acclimatization is possible, or they do not achieve the necessary level, i.e. that consequently developing pathological conditions of different severity lead to a next assortation of individuals with insufficient adaptability. The first state of lability can be compensated, or the intolerance will make a further stay in high altitudes impossible. No parameters exist which could allow a prognosis as to what kind of individuals will tolerate altitude or not. A different pattern of biological reaction is seen in permanent inhabitants of high altitudes who have been residing there for generations and haven't experienced conditions other than those of their special altitude in their individual lives. While ascending to higher altitudes, permanent residents also have to undergo new adaptation, as well as when descending to lower altitudes. Returning to their native environment requires reacclimatization. The mechanisms of adaptation on the organ level will be reviewed, as well as on the fluid and cellular level. All those functional and morphological mechanisms of adaptation to oxygen deficiency in high altitudes tend to maintain optimal equilibrium. Maladaptation may result. Expected genetically determined physiological alterations of adaptational value in permanent residents, which could have manifested themselves by way of "soft" selection and change of gene frequency in those high altitude populations, will be discussed. Genetical determination in such physiological parameters does not seem probable, although some pecularities such as the "blunted response" ventilation, the higher Bohr-Effect in Quenchua etc. might be interpreted in this direction.
将报告适应的生理机制。在适应的初始阶段，身体会做出即时反应，这就引发了第一个分类：个体是否能够耐受海拔高度。随后会有更为稳定的生物过程，其目的同样是平衡缺氧状况。这些过程可能成功，从而实现适应，也可能无法达到必要水平，即由此引发不同严重程度的病理状况，进而对适应能力不足的个体进行进一步分类。不稳定的初始状态可能得到代偿，否则不耐受将使在高海拔地区的进一步停留变得不可能。不存在能够预测哪些个体能够耐受海拔高度的参数。在高海拔地区的长期居民中可以看到不同的生物反应模式，他们世世代代居住在那里，个人生活中除了其特定海拔的条件外没有经历过其他情况。在上升到更高海拔时，常住居民也必须经历新的适应过程，下降到较低海拔时也是如此。回到他们的原生环境需要重新适应。将回顾器官水平以及体液和细胞水平上的适应机制。所有这些在高海拔地区对缺氧的功能和形态适应机制都倾向于维持最佳平衡。可能会出现适应不良。将讨论常住居民中预期的具有适应价值的基因决定的生理改变，这些改变可能通过“温和”选择以及那些高海拔人群中基因频率的变化表现出来。虽然诸如“迟钝反应”通气、克丘亚人中较高的玻尔效应等一些特殊情况可能会朝着这个方向解释，但在这些生理参数中似乎不太可能存在基因决定因素。
