Mole V, Dawson S, Winstanley D, Sherval J
Management School, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London.
J Manag Med. 1997;11(2-3):157-67. doi: 10.1108/02689239710177783.
Claims that, for the 1990s, images of careers are multidimensional and individualistic. Notes that employees are encouraged to take responsibility for their own self-development, incorporate horizontal as well as vertical moves and forge careers based on "employability", i.e. learning, networking and reputation. Bases its arguments on the findings of a study into senior executives in the NHS, and explores the consequences of organizational restructuring for the careers of clinical, general and functional managers. Suggests that organizational and professional barriers exist to undermine the notion of the multidimensional career. Argues that prescriptive approaches to career self-development need to take account of organizational context and that, to meet the challenges of careers in the 1990s, both the organization and the individual need to become more willing to take risks.
有人认为，在20世纪90年代，职业形象是多维的且个人主义的。指出员工被鼓励对自己的自我发展负责，包括横向和纵向的职业变动，并基于“就业能力”打造职业，即学习、建立人际关系和声誉。其论点基于对英国国民医疗服务体系（NHS）高级管理人员的一项研究结果，并探讨了组织重组对临床、综合和职能管理人员职业的影响。认为存在组织和专业障碍，会破坏多维职业的概念。认为职业自我发展的规范性方法需要考虑组织背景，并且为了应对20世纪90年代职业的挑战，组织和个人都需要更愿意承担风险。
