Development of refraction and strabismus.

The goal of current research on the development of refraction is not to establish whether refraction is either genetically programmed or environmentally influenced, but to assess how heredity and environment interact in the genesis of refractive error. The continuing problem in strabismus research is one of cause and effect. Do binocular deficiencies induce strabismus, or is it the other way around? The papers highlighted in this article address these critical issues. The new findings have the potential to influence the treatment and clinical care of patients with refractive errors and strabismus.