Dorner F, Eibl J, Barrett P N
Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Hyland Immuno, Orth/Donau, Austria.
Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1999 Mar 12;111(5):199-206.
The impact of vaccination on the health of the world's people has been considerable. With the possible exception of clean water, no other development has had such a major effect on mortality reduction and population growth. During the last 200 years vaccination has controlled nine major diseases and has led to the eradication of one, i.e. smallpox. However, in many instances, the exact mechanisms of successful vaccines are not fully understood. Almost all of the vaccines in use today are of three types: live attenuated microorganisms, inactivated whole microorganisms, or split or subunit preparations. These have different strengths and weaknesses with respect to safety and efficacy, but traditional vaccine development methodologies have not yet led to the generation of a vaccine with all the characteristics required of the ideal vaccine. Thus the development of improved vaccines that overcome the difficulties associated with many of the currently available vaccines is a major goal of biomedical sciences. In addition, there is an urgent need for new vaccines against the many infectious agents that still cause considerable morbidity and, in some cases, mortality. As has been the case in many areas of biology, the application of recombinant DNA approaches to vaccinology has opened up whole new areas of possibilities. The details of these and other technologies and their application to vaccine development are described in this review.
疫苗接种对世界人民健康的影响颇为巨大。除了清洁用水可能是个例外，没有其他发展对降低死亡率和人口增长产生过如此重大的影响。在过去200年里，疫苗接种控制了九种主要疾病，并导致一种疾病（即天花）被根除。然而，在许多情况下，成功疫苗的确切作用机制尚未完全明了。目前几乎所有正在使用的疫苗可分为三种类型：减毒活微生物、灭活全微生物，或裂解或亚单位制剂。这些疫苗在安全性和有效性方面各有优缺点，但传统的疫苗开发方法尚未研制出具备理想疫苗所有所需特性的疫苗。因此，开发改进型疫苗以克服许多现有疫苗存在的问题是生物医学科学的一个主要目标。此外，迫切需要针对许多仍会导致相当高发病率甚至在某些情况下导致死亡的传染病原体研发新型疫苗。正如生物学许多领域的情况一样，重组DNA方法在疫苗学中的应用开辟了全新的可能性领域。本综述将介绍这些技术及其他技术的细节及其在疫苗开发中的应用。
