Leclerc Claude
Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France et Inserm, U833, Paris, France.
Med Sci (Paris). 2007 Apr;23(4):386-90. doi: 10.1051/medsci/2007234386.
Despite important success of preventive vaccination in eradication of smallpox and in reduction in incidence of poliomyelitis and measles, infectious diseases remain the principal cause of mortality in the world. Technologies used in the development of vaccines used so far, mostly based on empirical approaches, are limited and insufficient to fight diseases like malaria, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or adult tuberculosis. Until recently, technologies for making vaccines were based on live attenuated microorganisms, whole killed microorganisms and subunit vaccines such as purified toxoids. Fortunately, the recent advances in the understanding of host-pathogen interaction as well as our increasing knowledge of how immune responses are triggered and regulated have opened almost unlimited possibilities of developing new immunization strategies based on recombinant microorganisms or recombinant polypeptides or bacterial or viral vectors, synthetic peptides, natural or synthetic polysaccharides or plasmid DNA. Thus, considering the expending number of technologies available for making vaccines, it becomes possible for the first time in the history of vaccinology to design vaccines based on a rational approach and leading to increased efficacy and safety.
尽管预防性疫苗接种在根除天花以及降低脊髓灰质炎和麻疹发病率方面取得了重大成功，但传染病仍然是全球主要的死亡原因。迄今为止，疫苗研发所使用的技术大多基于经验方法，存在局限性，不足以对抗疟疾、获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）或成人结核病等疾病。直到最近，制备疫苗的技术主要基于减毒活微生物、全灭活微生物以及亚单位疫苗，如纯化类毒素。幸运的是，最近在宿主 - 病原体相互作用理解方面的进展以及我们对免疫反应如何触发和调节的认识不断增加，为基于重组微生物、重组多肽、细菌或病毒载体、合成肽、天然或合成多糖或质粒DNA开发新的免疫策略开辟了几乎无限的可能性。因此，考虑到制备疫苗可用技术数量的不断增加，在疫苗学历史上首次有可能基于合理方法设计疫苗，从而提高疗效和安全性。
