Glenwick D S, Stephens M A, Maher C A
Eval Program Plann. 1984;7(4):321-7. doi: 10.1016/0149-7189(84)90056-9.
The relationship between program planning and evaluation can be viewed as bidirectional; that is, evaluation methods, procedures, instruments, and criteria not only are determined by, but also influence, program goals and activities. Within the human services context, several factors or sources of reactivity between evaluation and program planning can be identified. These involve (a) quantification of goals and activities, (b) preferences by different audiences for various kinds of evaluation data, (c) values and evaluation criteria, and (d) evaluation requirements and resource availability. Effects of these reactive features are discussed and illustrated with examples drawn from mental health evaluation and accountability practices. It is argued that for evaluation to be a credible and useful practice, evaluators should plan their efforts and assess their own effectiveness within the larger context of human service systems.
项目规划与评估之间的关系可以被视为双向的；也就是说，评估方法、程序、工具和标准不仅由项目目标和活动决定，也会对其产生影响。在人类服务领域，可以确定评估与项目规划之间存在若干反应性因素或来源。这些因素包括：（a）目标和活动的量化；（b）不同受众对各类评估数据的偏好；（c）价值观和评估标准；以及（d）评估要求和资源可用性。文中讨论了这些反应性特征的影响，并通过心理健康评估和问责实践中的实例进行说明。文中认为，为使评估成为一项可靠且有用的实践，评估者应在人类服务系统的更大背景下规划其工作并评估自身的有效性。
