Fink A, Kosecoff J, Brook R H
Eval Program Plann. 1986;9(2):143-51. doi: 10.1016/0149-7189(86)90034-0.
Program evaluation is like research in its use of the scientific method. An important difference is that evaluations result in judgments of merit. What are the standards for making the judgments? Little attention has been paid to their selection and use. This article reports on how standards were set in an evaluation of the structure of fifteen of the nation's university hospitals who participated in the Teaching Hospital General Medicine Group Practice Program (sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation). Many sources were used to select standards including a review of the literature, expert advice and actual data from two years of the programs's performance. Also, the standard-setting process was a participatory one in which all potentially competing views were provided with a forum for discussion. Finally, standards were set in advance of the collection of information, facilitating the selection of study designs and analysis techniques. Almost all project directors stated that the process helped them in program planning and gave them ideas for research and evaluation. Because standard-setting has mutual benefits, we recommend that it take place during program planning.
项目评估在运用科学方法方面与研究类似。一个重要的区别在于评估会得出价值判断。做出这些判断的标准是什么呢？人们对其选择和使用关注甚少。本文报告了在对参与教学医院普通内科团体实践项目（由罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会赞助）的全国15所大学医院的结构进行评估时，标准是如何设定的。设定标准使用了多种来源，包括文献综述、专家建议以及该项目两年表现的实际数据。此外，标准设定过程是一个参与性过程，为所有潜在的不同观点提供了讨论的平台。最后，在收集信息之前就设定了标准，这便于研究设计和分析技术的选择。几乎所有项目主管都表示，这个过程在项目规划方面对他们有所帮助，并为他们提供了研究和评估的思路。由于标准设定有互利之处，我们建议在项目规划期间进行标准设定。
