Kramer R M
Adm Soc Work. 1979 Winter;3(4):397-407. doi: 10.1300/j147v03n04_02.
Although the development of democratic welfare states has not led to the decline of non-governmental (voluntary) social service agencies, the future survival of voluntarism and pluralism is still a cause of concern. An exploratory comparative analysis of voluntary agencies serving the physically and mentally handicapped in the U.S., England, The Netherlands, and Israel provides some empirical data on the effects of selected environmental and organizational variables on the ability of voluntary agencies to innovate, provide supplementary services, and promote citizen participation and social change. The findings, which tend to support theories of convergence of modern societies, suggest hypotheses regarding the distinctive competence and vulnerability of voluntary agencies as an organizational hybrid in between a voluntary association and a service bureaucracy.
尽管民主福利国家的发展并未导致非政府（志愿）社会服务机构的衰落，但志愿主义和多元主义的未来存续仍是一个令人担忧的问题。一项对美国、英国、荷兰和以色列的为身心残障人士服务的志愿机构的探索性比较分析，提供了一些关于特定环境和组织变量对志愿机构创新能力、提供补充服务能力以及促进公民参与和社会变革能力影响的实证数据。这些倾向于支持现代社会趋同理论的研究结果，提出了关于志愿机构作为介于志愿协会和服务官僚机构之间的组织混合体所具有的独特能力和脆弱性的假设。
