Hurd Y, Lindefors N
Klinisk neurovetenskap, Karolinska institutet, Stockholm.
Lakartidningen. 1999 Apr 14;96(15):1814-6, 1819-21.
Amphetamine and cocaine are highly addictive psychostimulant drugs with potent actions on affect and motor activity. Psychostimulants exert their effects by interaction with monoamine transport carriers on cell membranes. Dopamine pathways extending from the brain stem to the basal ganglia, limbic structures, and cerebral cortex are generally considered to constitute the neuroanatomical substrates underlying motivation, reward, and motor function. Repeated use of psychostimulants is characterised by both tolerance (e.g., euphoria) and sensitisation (e.g., motor activation), and abstinence by craving and anhedonia. Neuronal systems, molecular alterations, and treatment regimens associated with psychostimulants are currently the subjects of discussion.
安非他命和可卡因是极易成瘾的精神刺激药物，对情感和运动活动有强大作用。精神刺激药物通过与细胞膜上的单胺转运载体相互作用发挥其效应。从脑干延伸至基底神经节、边缘结构和大脑皮层的多巴胺通路通常被认为构成了动机、奖赏和运动功能的神经解剖学基础。反复使用精神刺激药物的特征是产生耐受性（如欣快感）和敏化作用（如运动激活），而戒断则表现为渴望和快感缺失。目前，与精神刺激药物相关的神经元系统、分子改变和治疗方案都是讨论的主题。
