Brodsky F M, Lem L, Solache A, Bennett E M
G. W. Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0552, USA.
Immunol Rev. 1999 Apr;168:199-215. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01294.x.
Many pathogens have co-evolved with their human hosts to develop strategies for immune evasion that involve disruption of the intracellular pathways by which antigens are bound by class I and class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) for presentation to T cells. Here the molecular events in these pathways are reviewed and pathogen interference is documented for viruses, extracellular and intracellular bacteria and intracellular parasites. In addition to a general review, data from our studies of adenovirus, Chlamydia trachomatis and Coxiella burnetii are summarized. Adenovirus E19 is the first viral gene product described that affects class I MHC molecule expression by two separate mechanisms, intracellular retention of the class I heavy chain by direct binding and by binding to the TAP transporter involved in class I peptide loading. Coxiella and Chlamydia both affect peptide presentation by class II MHC molecules as a result of their residence in endocytic compartments, although the properties of the parasitophorous vacuoles they form are quite different. These examples of active interference with antigen presentation by viral gene products and passive interference by rickettsiae and bacteria are typical of the strategies used by these different classes of pathogens, which need to evade different types of immune responses. Pathogen-host co-evolution is evident in these subversion tactics for which the pathogen crime seems tailored to fit the immune system punishment.
许多病原体与人类宿主共同进化，形成了免疫逃避策略，这些策略涉及破坏细胞内途径，通过该途径，主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）的I类和II类分子结合抗原以呈递给T细胞。本文回顾了这些途径中的分子事件，并记录了病毒、细胞外和细胞内细菌以及细胞内寄生虫的病原体干扰情况。除了一般性综述外，还总结了我们对腺病毒、沙眼衣原体和伯纳特立克次体研究的数据。腺病毒E19是第一个被描述的病毒基因产物，它通过两种不同机制影响I类MHC分子表达，即通过直接结合使I类重链在细胞内滞留，以及通过与参与I类肽加载的TAP转运体结合。尽管柯克斯体和衣原体形成的吞噬泡性质截然不同，但由于它们存在于内吞小室中，二者都会影响II类MHC分子的肽呈递。病毒基因产物对抗原呈递的主动干扰以及立克次体和细菌的被动干扰这些例子，是这些不同类型病原体所采用策略的典型代表，它们需要逃避不同类型的免疫反应。病原体与宿主的共同进化在这些颠覆策略中显而易见，病原体的“罪行”似乎是为了适应免疫系统的“惩罚”而量身定制的。
