Reuter M A, Reuter H J
Museum für Medizinische Endoskopie Max Nitze, Stuttgart, Germany.
World J Urol. 1999 Jun;17(3):176-83. doi: 10.1007/s003450050128.
This article deals with the history of medicine in American urology, where endoscopy is a very important subject. The development of endoscopy in America unrolled in three phases: the acquisition of European techniques and instruments, realization of the ideas of American researchers, and original creations that forwarded endoscopy considerably. European instruments were acquired in the nineteenth century, culminating in the instruments developed by Max Nitze. When Wappler started the production of endoscopes in 1905, they were the basis for the development of numerous modifications and innovations such as electrosurgery, developed by Beer in 1910, with the Resonator created by Wappler; the resectoscope, invented by Stern and McCarthy in 1931; "cold light" using glass fibers for illumination, described by ACMI in 1960; the flexible fiber ureterorenoscope, described by Marshall in 1960; and fluorescence cystoscopy, introduced by I. M. Bush and W. F. Whitmore in 1964.
本文论述了美国泌尿外科的医学史，其中内窥镜检查是一个非常重要的主题。美国内窥镜检查的发展经历了三个阶段：引进欧洲技术和器械、实现美国研究人员的想法以及推动内窥镜检查取得重大进展的原创发明。欧洲器械于19世纪引进，以马克斯·尼茨研制的器械达到顶峰。1905年瓦普勒开始生产内窥镜时，这些内窥镜成为众多改进和创新的基础，比如1910年比尔利用瓦普勒制造的共振器开发的电外科手术；1931年斯特恩和麦卡锡发明的切除镜；1960年ACMI描述的使用玻璃纤维照明的“冷光”；1960年马歇尔描述的可弯曲纤维输尿管肾镜；以及1964年I. M. 布什和W. F. 惠特莫尔引入的荧光膀胱镜检查。
