Carbohydrate/peptide mimics: effect on MUC1 cancer immunotherapy.

Recent clinical studies with mannan mucin immunotherapeutic agents indicate that patients produce predominantly antibody responses while mice produce a high cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. In studying the reason for the 'immune deviation' occurring in mice to humans from cellular to antibody responses, it has been found that natural anti-Galalpha(1,3)Gal antibodies, present in all humans, react with the mucin component of the agent, providing an example of a carbohydrate-peptide mimic. The immune deviation can be overcome by in vitro sensitization of antigen-presenting cells in the absence of anti-Gal antibodies - at least in mice. The review examines the background of these observations and discusses other peptide carbohydrate mimics and immune deviation