Braune B, Muir D, DeMarch B, Gamberg M, Poole K, Currie R, Dodd M, Duschenko W, Eamer J, Elkin B, Evans M, Grundy S, Hebert C, Johnstone R, Kidd K, Koenig B, Lockhart L, Marshall H, Reimer K, Sanderson J, Shutt L
Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Sci Total Environ. 1999 Jun 1;230(1-3):145-207. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00038-8.
The state of knowledge of contaminants in Canadian Arctic biota of the freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems has advanced enormously since the publication of the first major reviews by Lockhart et al. and Thomas et al. in The Science of the Total Environment in 1992. The most significant gains are new knowledge of spatial trends of organochlorines and heavy metal contaminants in terrestrial animals, such as caribou and mink, and in waterfowl, where no information was previously available. Spatial trends in freshwater fish have been broadened, especially in the Yukon, where contaminant measurements of, for example, organochlorines were previously non-existent. A review of contaminants data for fish from the Northwest Territories, Yukon and northern Quebec showed mercury as the one contaminant which consistently exceeds guideline limits for subsistence consumption or commercial sale. Lake trout and northern pike in the Canadian Shield lakes of the Northwest Territories and northern Quebec generally had the most elevated levels. Levels of other heavy metals were generally not elevated in fish. Toxaphene was the major organochlorine contaminant in all fish analyzed. The concentrations of organochlorine contaminants in fish appear to be a function not only of trophic level but of other aspects of the lake ecosystem. Among Arctic terrestrial mammals, PCBs and cadmium were the most prominent contaminants in the species analyzed. Relatively high levels (10-60 micrograms g-1) of cadmium were observed in kidney and liver of caribou from the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and northern Quebec, with concentrations in western herds being higher than in those from the east. For the organochlorine contaminants, a west to east increase in zigma PCBs, HCB and zigma HCH was found in caribou, probably as a result of the predominant west to east/north-east atmospheric circulation pattern which delivers these contaminants from industrialized regions of central and eastern North America to the Arctic via long-range atmospheric transport. Radiocesium contamination of lichens and caribou has continued to decrease. Significant contamination by PCBs and lead of soils and vascular plants was observed in the immediate vicinity and within a 20-km radius of DEW line sites in the Canadian Arctic. There was also evidence for transfer of PCBs from plants to lemmings. There was no evidence, however, that large mammals such as caribou living in the general area of the DEW line sites had elevated levels of PCBs. There is very limited temporal trend information for most contaminants in biota of Arctic terrestrial and freshwater environments.
自1992年洛克哈特等人和托马斯等人在《总体环境科学》上发表首批重要综述以来，加拿大北极地区淡水和陆地生态系统生物群中污染物的知识状况有了巨大进展。最显著的收获是获得了有关陆地动物（如北美驯鹿和水貂）以及水禽体内有机氯和重金属污染物空间趋势的新知识，而此前尚无相关信息。淡水鱼的空间趋势研究范围得到了拓宽，特别是在育空地区，此前那里不存在有机氯等污染物的测量数据。对西北地区、育空地区和魁北克北部鱼类污染物数据的综述表明，汞是唯一一种持续超过自给性消费或商业销售指导限值的污染物。西北地区和魁北克北部加拿大地盾湖泊中的湖鳟和北美狗鱼汞含量通常最高。鱼类中其他重金属含量一般未升高。毒杀芬是所有分析鱼类中的主要有机氯污染物。鱼类中有机氯污染物的浓度似乎不仅是营养级的函数，也是湖泊生态系统其他方面的函数。在北极陆地哺乳动物中，多氯联苯和镉是所分析物种中最突出的污染物。在育空地区、西北地区和魁北克北部的北美驯鹿肾脏和肝脏中观察到相对较高水平（10 - 60微克/克）的镉，西部鹿群中的浓度高于东部鹿群。对于有机氯污染物，在北美驯鹿中发现西格玛多氯联苯、六氯苯和西格玛六氯环己烷从西向东增加，这可能是由于主要的西向东/东北大气环流模式，通过长距离大气传输将这些污染物从北美中部和东部的工业化地区输送到北极。地衣和北美驯鹿的放射性铯污染持续下降。在加拿大北极地区预警线站点附近及半径20公里范围内，土壤和维管植物受到多氯联苯和铅的显著污染。也有证据表明多氯联苯从植物转移到旅鼠体内。然而，没有证据表明生活在预警线站点周边地区的大型哺乳动物如北美驯鹿体内的多氯联苯水平升高。关于北极陆地和淡水环境生物群中大多数污染物的时间趋势信息非常有限。
