Genomic structure of the amphioxus calcium vector protein.

Calcium vector protein (CaVP) is an EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding protein, which is unique to the protochordate, amphioxus. CaVP is supposed to act as a Ca(2+) signal transductor, but its exact function remains unknown. Not only its function but also its exact evolutionary relationship to other Ca(2+)-binding proteins is unclear. To investigate the evolution of CaVP, we have determined the complete sequences of CaVP cDNAs from two amphioxus species, Branchiostoma lanceolatum and B. floridae, whose open reading frame cDNA and amino acid sequences show 96.5 and 98.2% identity, respectively. We have also elucidated the structure of the gene of B. floridae CaVP, which is made up of seven exons and six introns. The positions of four of the six introns (introns 1, 2, 3, and 5) are identical with those of calmodulin, troponin C, and the Spec protein of the sea urchin. These latter proteins belong to the so-called troponin C superfamily (TnC superfamily) and thus CaVP likely also belongs to this family. Intron 6 is positioned in the 3' noncoding region and is unique to CaVP, so it may represent a landmark of the CaVP lineage only. The position of intron 4 is not conserved in the genes of the TnC superfamily or CaVP, and seems to result from either intron sliding or the addition of an intron (randomly inserted into or close to domain III) to the genes of the TnC superfamily during their evolution.