Hargrove J W
IPMI Tsetse Research Project, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Med Vet Entomol. 1999 May;13(2):165-76. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.1999.00153.x.
Female Glossina pallidipes Austen were captured in odour-baited traps at Rekomitjie Research Station, Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe during February 1994; 2890 were dissected and assigned to their ovarian age category and day of pregnancy using the lengths of the oocytes and uterine content. For 1838 of these flies, the nutritional state of the mother and her uterine content were estimated separately. It was thereby possible to see how, during pregnancy, the females acquired fat and residual dry weight (RDW) and transfered them to the larva. Newly emerged flies contained 1 mg fat and 6 mg RDW, of which 4 mg was in the thorax (TRDW). Fat hardly increased by the first ovulation; RDW increased by 2.5 mg and 1.5 mg of this increase was in TRDW. Mean haematin levels increased from 2 to 8 microg during each pregnancy. Fat increased from 1.2 mg to 4.5-5 mg by day 7 and was then rapidly transferred to the larva. RDW increased by only 1.8 mg by day 7, but larval RDW increased thereafter by > 6 mg. Amino acids from late-pregnancy bloodmeals are incorporated directly, in the uterine gland, into 'milk' that is taken up rapidly by the larva. Capture probability was highest on day 1 of pregnancy, when nutritional levels were lowest, with lesser peaks on days 5 and 8 when the fly was nourishing a rapidly developing larva. On day 1, the peak of the logarithm of the haematin distribution corresponded to flies estimated to have fed approximately 75 h previously; by day 8 it had shifted to approximately 60 h post-feeding. A model in which feeding rates and capture probabilities increased exponentially with time since feeding accounted for 97% of the variance in log haematin frequencies. On 4/9 days of pregnancy there was no significant decline in fat with haematin content during the lipolytic phase. The rate of decline is not a satisfactory estimate of the rate of fat usage. Flies in this study had longer wings and higher TRDW than those from refuges in an earlier study, but had lower levels of fat and haematin.
1994年2月，在津巴布韦赞比西河谷的雷科米捷研究站，用诱捕器捕获了雌性淡足舌蝇（Glossina pallidipes Austen）；解剖了2890只，根据卵母细胞长度和子宫内容物确定其卵巢年龄类别和怀孕天数。对于其中1838只苍蝇，分别估算了母体的营养状况及其子宫内容物。由此可以看出，在怀孕期间，雌性如何获取脂肪和剩余干重（RDW）并将它们转移给幼虫。新羽化的苍蝇含有1毫克脂肪和6毫克RDW，其中4毫克在胸部（TRDW）。第一次排卵时脂肪几乎没有增加；RDW增加了2.5毫克，其中1.5毫克的增加量在TRDW中。每次怀孕期间，平均血红素水平从2微克增加到8微克。到第7天时，脂肪从1.2毫克增加到4.5 - 5毫克，然后迅速转移到幼虫体内。到第7天时，RDW仅增加了1.8毫克，但幼虫的RDW此后增加了超过6毫克。怀孕后期血餐中的氨基酸在子宫腺中直接合成“乳汁”，幼虫会迅速摄取。怀孕第1天捕获概率最高，此时营养水平最低，在第5天和第8天有较小的峰值，此时苍蝇正在滋养快速发育的幼虫。在第1天，血红素分布对数的峰值对应于估计约在75小时前进食的苍蝇；到第8天，它已转移到进食后约60小时。一个模型表明，摄食率和捕获概率随进食后时间呈指数增加，该模型解释了对数血红素频率中97%的方差。在怀孕的4/9天，脂肪分解阶段脂肪含量与血红素含量没有显著下降。下降速率不是脂肪使用速率的令人满意的估计值。本研究中的苍蝇翅膀比早期研究中来自避难所的苍蝇更长，TRDW更高，但脂肪和血红素水平更低。
