Thorpe S K, Crompton R H, Günther M M, Ker R F, McNeill Alexander R
Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, New Medical School, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE United Kingdom.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1999 Oct;110(2):179-99. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199910)110:2<179::AID-AJPA5>3.0.CO;2-Z.
This paper supplies quantitative data on the hind- and forelimb musculature of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and calculates maximum joint moments of force as a contribution to a better understanding of the differences between chimpanzee and human locomotion. We dissected three chimpanzees, and recorded muscle mass, fascicle length, and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). We also obtained flexion/extension moment arms of the major muscles about the limb joints. We find that in the hindlimb, chimpanzees possess longer fascicles in most muscles but smaller PCSAs than are predicted for humans of equal body mass, suggesting that the adaptive emphasis in chimpanzees is on joint mobility at the expense of tension production. In common chimpanzee bipedalism, both hips and knees are significantly more flexed than in humans, necessitating muscles capable of exerting larger moments at the joints for the same ground force. However, we find that when subject to the same stresses, chimpanzee hindlimb muscles provide far smaller moments at the joints than humans, particularly the quadriceps and plantar flexors. In contrast, all forelimb muscle masses, fascicle lengths, and PCSAs are smaller in humans than in chimpanzees, reflecting the use of the forelimbs in chimpanzee, but not human, locomotion. When subject to the same stresses, chimpanzee forelimb muscles provide larger moments at the joints than humans, presumably because of the demands on the forelimbs during locomotion. These differences in muscle architecture and function help to explain why chimpanzees are restricted in their ability to walk, and particularly to run bipedally.
本文提供了关于普通黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）后肢和前肢肌肉组织的定量数据，并计算了最大关节力矩，以更好地理解黑猩猩和人类运动之间的差异。我们解剖了三只黑猩猩，记录了肌肉质量、肌束长度和生理横截面积（PCSA）。我们还获得了主要肌肉在肢体关节周围的屈伸力矩臂。我们发现，在后肢方面，与同等体重的人类相比，黑猩猩大多数肌肉的肌束更长，但PCSA更小，这表明黑猩猩的适应性重点在于关节灵活性，而牺牲了张力产生。在普通黑猩猩的两足行走中，髋部和膝盖的弯曲程度都明显大于人类，这就需要肌肉在相同的地面力作用下能够在关节处施加更大的力矩。然而，我们发现，在承受相同压力时，黑猩猩后肢肌肉在关节处产生的力矩比人类小得多，尤其是股四头肌和跖屈肌。相比之下，人类所有前肢的肌肉质量、肌束长度和PCSA都比黑猩猩小，这反映了黑猩猩在运动中使用前肢，而人类则不然。在承受相同压力时，黑猩猩前肢肌肉在关节处产生的力矩比人类大，这可能是由于运动过程中对前肢的需求所致。这些肌肉结构和功能上的差异有助于解释为什么黑猩猩在行走能力，尤其是两足奔跑能力方面受到限制。
