Holland L Z, Holland N D
Marine Biology Research Division Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego La Jolla, California, 92093-0202, USA.
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1999 Oct;9(5):596-602. doi: 10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3.
Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord. In contrast, the telencephalon, a midbrain-hindbrain boundary region with organizer properties, and the definitive neural crest appear to be vertebrate innovations.
文昌鱼神经系统细胞连接的精细结构、计算机化三维（3D）图谱以及文昌鱼和被囊动物的比较分子遗传学研究，为脊椎动物神经系统的系统发育起源提供了最新见解。结果表明，在脊椎动物祖先的脊索动物中，已经存在几种用于建立和构建脊椎动物神经系统的遗传机制，并且脊椎动物最近的无脊椎动物祖先的神经索包括间脑、中脑、后脑和脊髓。相比之下，端脑、具有组织者特性的中脑-后脑边界区域以及确定的神经嵴似乎是脊椎动物的创新。
