p53-induced apoptosis as a safeguard against cancer.

p53 acts as a potent tumor suppressor largely through its ability to induce cell death by apoptosis. Diverse cellular stress conditions, e.g., DNA damage, hypoxia, and oncogene activation, trigger p53-dependent apoptosis. ARF is a 14-kDa protein encoded by an alternative reading frame within the human INK4a locus that also encodes the p16 protein. ARF induces p53 in response to oncogene activation by preventing its degradation. This ensures the elimination of emerging tumor cells by p53-dependent apoptosis. p53 promotes apoptosis through multiple mechanisms, including transactivation of specific target genes, down-regulation of a distinct set of genes, and transcription-independent mechanisms. This may explain the frequent inactivation of ARF/p53 rather than downstream effectors during tumor development.