Peters W
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1976 Sep 28;275(941):439-82. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1976.0089.
The primary objective of this project was to study the life cycle and ecology of Plasmodium pitheci, a malaria parasite of the orang-utan. The field work was based on the orang-utan rehabilitation centre in the Sepilok Forest Reserve of eastern Sabah. Two visits were made to Sepilok, the first in February and March, 1972, and the second (by W.P.) in January 1974. On the first visit two species of "surrogate host" were taken to Sabah, i.e. chimpanzees and Aotus monkeys for experimental work. The arboreal habitat of the orang-utan in the dipterocarp forests of eastern Sabah is described. In the Sepilok Forest Reserve dwell gibbons and leaf-monkeys, in addition to a small population of semi-domesticated and wild, free-ranging orang-utans of various ages. Although numerous species of anopheline mosquitoes have been collected in eastern Sabah, longitudinal studies are not available. Anopheles balabacensis was caught both attracted to orang-utans and to man at Sepilok. This species which is the main vector of human malaria in the north of Borneo, is suspected also of transmitting orang-utan malaria in this part of Sabah. Repeated blood examinations have been made on a number of orang-utans in the centre since 1966 and a high prevalence of infection was recorded with Plasmodium pitheci. In 1966 10 out of 19 animals had demonstrable parasitaemia. Detailed case histories are presented to show the course of parasitaemia in several orang-utans. Infections of P. pitheci were found to run a very chronic course. During the 1972 expedition a second, previously undescribed malaria parasite of the orang-utan was discovered, and was named P. silvaticum. The new parasite was successfully transmitted both by blood inoculation and, later, by sporozoite inoculation, into splenectomized chimpanzees. Although both species of malaria parasite may cause transitory signs of illness, orang-utans in general appear to be little discomforted by the infection. The animals do however suffer from other infectious diseases such as amoebic and balantidial dysentery, and melioidosis is a serious natural hazard which may have accounted for several deaths of wild orang-utans. An unidentified, intraerythrocytic structure that appeared in the blood of one chimpanzee, which had been inoculated with blood from an orang-utan, may have contributed to its death. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of P. pitheci and P. silvaticum are given. All stages of the life cycle of P. silvaticum are known (the tissue stages having been described in the liver of a "surrogate host", the chimpanzee) but only the blood and sporogonic stages of P. pitheci have been seen. This species was not infective to a chimpanzee, although there is an earlier report of a transient infection in this host by other workers. In the blood both parasites showed a tertian periodicity. From the appearance of the tissue schizonts on the seventh day it was estimated that the complete pre-erythrocytic cycle of P. silvaticum in the chimpanzee would occupy 8 days. P...
该项目的主要目标是研究猩猩疟原虫——猩猩的一种疟原虫——的生命周期和生态学。实地工作基于沙巴东部塞皮洛克森林保护区的猩猩康复中心。对塞皮洛克进行了两次考察，第一次是在1972年2月和3月，第二次（由W.P.进行）是在1974年1月。第一次考察时，两种“替代宿主”被带到了沙巴，即黑猩猩和夜猴用于实验工作。文中描述了沙巴东部龙脑香林中猩猩的树栖栖息地。在塞皮洛克森林保护区，除了一小群不同年龄的半驯化和野生、自由放养的猩猩外，还生活着长臂猿和叶猴。尽管在沙巴东部已采集到许多种类的按蚊，但尚无纵向研究。在塞皮洛克，巴拉望按蚊既被猩猩吸引也被人吸引。该物种是婆罗洲北部人类疟疾的主要传播媒介，在沙巴的这一地区也被怀疑传播猩猩疟疾。自1966年以来，对该中心的一些猩猩进行了多次血液检查，记录到猩猩疟原虫的感染率很高。1966年，19只动物中有10只出现了可检测到的寄生虫血症。文中给出了详细的病例史，以展示几只猩猩的寄生虫血症病程。发现猩猩疟原虫感染病程非常缓慢。在1972年的考察中，发现了猩猩的第二种此前未描述过的疟原虫，并将其命名为山林疟原虫。这种新寄生虫通过血液接种，后来又通过子孢子接种，成功地传播到了脾切除的黑猩猩体内。尽管这两种疟原虫都可能引起短暂的疾病症状，但总体而言，猩猩似乎并未因感染而感到太多不适。不过，这些动物确实患有其他传染病，如阿米巴和结肠小袋虫痢疾，类鼻疽是一种严重的自然危害，可能导致了几只野生猩猩死亡。在一只接种了猩猩血液的黑猩猩血液中出现的一种不明的红细胞内结构，可能导致了它的死亡。文中给出了猩猩疟原虫和山林疟原虫的详细描述及图示。山林疟原虫生命周期的所有阶段均已明确（组织阶段已在“替代宿主”黑猩猩的肝脏中描述），但仅观察到了猩猩疟原虫的血液和孢子生殖阶段。该物种对黑猩猩无感染性，尽管其他研究人员有一份关于该宿主短暂感染的早期报告。在血液中，两种寄生虫均表现出间日周期性。从第7天出现的组织裂殖体来看，估计山林疟原虫在黑猩猩体内完整的红细胞前期周期将持续8天。P...
