Van Bressem M F, Van Waerebeek K, Raga J A
Peruvian Centre for Cetacean Research (CEPEC), Pucusana, Lima, Peru.
Dis Aquat Organ. 1999 Oct 11;38(1):53-65. doi: 10.3354/dao038053.
Viruses belonging to 9 families have been detected in cetaceans. We critically review the clinical features, pathology and epidemiology of the diseases they cause. Cetacean morbillivirus (family Paramyxoviridae) induces a serious disease with a high mortality rate and persists in several populations. It may have long-term effects on the dynamics of cetacean populations either as enzootic infection or recurrent epizootics. The latter presumably have the more profound impact due to removal of sexually mature individuals. Members of the family Poxviridae infect several species of odontocetes, resulting in ring and tattoo skin lesions. Although poxviruses apparently do not induce a high mortality, circumstancial evidence suggests they may be lethal in young animals lacking protective immunity, and thus may negatively affect net recruitment. Papillomaviruses (family Papovaviridae) cause genital warts in at least 3 species of cetaceans. In 10% of male Burmeister's porpoises Phocoena spinipinnis from Peru, lesions were sufficiently severe to at least hamper, if not impede, copulation. Members of the families Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Rhabdoviridae were demonstrated in cetaceans suffering serious illnesses, but with the exception of a 'porpoise herpesvirus' their causative role is still tentative. Herpes-like viruses and caliciviruses (Caliciviridae) give rise to cutaneous diseases in Monodontidae and Delphinidae. Antibodies to several serotypes of caliciviruses were found in odontocetes and mysticetes. An unrecognized Hepadnaviridae was detected by serology in a captive Pacific white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus obliquidens with chronic persistent hepatitis. Adenoviruses (Adenoviridae) were isolated from the intestinal tracts of mysticeti and a beluga Delphinapterus leucas but were not associated with any pathologies. We discuss the potential impact of Paramyxoviridae, Poxviridae and Papovaviridae on the dynamics of several odontocete populations.
在鲸类动物中已检测到属于9个科的病毒。我们对它们所引发疾病的临床特征、病理学及流行病学进行了批判性综述。鲸类麻疹病毒（副粘病毒科）会引发一种死亡率很高的严重疾病，并在多个种群中持续存在。它可能作为地方流行性感染或反复的 epizootics 对鲸类种群动态产生长期影响。后者可能由于性成熟个体的死亡而对种群动态产生更深远的影响。痘病毒科的成员感染几种齿鲸，导致环状和纹身样皮肤损伤。尽管痘病毒显然不会导致高死亡率，但有间接证据表明它们可能对缺乏保护性免疫的幼崽致命，因此可能对净补充量产生负面影响。乳头瘤病毒（乳头多瘤空泡病毒科）在至少3种鲸类动物中引起生殖器疣。在来自秘鲁的10%的雄性伯克氏鼠海豚（Phocoena spinipinnis）中，病变严重到至少会妨碍（如果不是阻止）交配。疱疹病毒科、正粘病毒科和弹状病毒科的成员在患有严重疾病的鲸类动物中被发现，但除了一种“鼠海豚疱疹病毒”外，它们的致病作用仍不确定。类疱疹病毒和杯状病毒（杯状病毒科）在独角鲸科和海豚科中引发皮肤疾病。在齿鲸和须鲸中发现了针对几种杯状病毒血清型的抗体。通过血清学检测，在一只患有慢性持续性肝炎的圈养太平洋白侧海豚（Lagenorhynchus obliquidens）中发现了一种未被识别的嗜肝DNA病毒科病毒。腺病毒（腺病毒科）从须鲸和一只白鲸（Delphinapterus leucas）的肠道中分离出来，但与任何病理学病变无关。我们讨论了副粘病毒科、痘病毒科和乳头多瘤空泡病毒科对几种齿鲸种群动态的潜在影响。
