Van Bressem Marie-Françoise, Duignan Pádraig J, Banyard Ashley, Barbieri Michelle, Colegrove Kathleen M, De Guise Sylvain, Di Guardo Giovanni, Dobson Andrew, Domingo Mariano, Fauquier Deborah, Fernandez Antonio, Goldstein Tracey, Grenfell Bryan, Groch Kátia R, Gulland Frances, Jensen Brenda A, Jepson Paul D, Hall Ailsa, Kuiken Thijs, Mazzariol Sandro, Morris Sinead E, Nielsen Ole, Raga Juan A, Rowles Teresa K, Saliki Jeremy, Sierra Eva, Stephens Nahiid, Stone Brett, Tomo Ikuko, Wang Jianning, Waltzek Thomas, Wellehan James F X
Cetacean Conservation Medicine Group (CMED), Peruvian Centre for Cetacean Research (CEPEC), Pucusana, Lima 20, Peru.
Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AL T2N 4Z6, Canada.
Viruses. 2014 Dec 22;6(12):5145-81. doi: 10.3390/v6125145.
We review the molecular and epidemiological characteristics of cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) and the diagnosis and pathogenesis of associated disease, with six different strains detected in cetaceans worldwide. CeMV has caused epidemics with high mortality in odontocetes in Europe, the USA and Australia. It represents a distinct species within the Morbillivirus genus. Although most CeMV strains are phylogenetically closely related, recent data indicate that morbilliviruses recovered from Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), from Western Australia, and a Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), from Brazil, are divergent. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) cell receptor for CeMV has been characterized in cetaceans. It shares higher amino acid identity with the ruminant SLAM than with the receptors of carnivores or humans, reflecting the evolutionary history of these mammalian taxa. In Delphinidae, three amino acid substitutions may result in a higher affinity for the virus. Infection is diagnosed by histology, immunohistochemistry, virus isolation, RT-PCR, and serology. Classical CeMV-associated lesions include bronchointerstitial pneumonia, encephalitis, syncytia, and lymphoid depletion associated with immunosuppression. Cetaceans that survive the acute disease may develop fatal secondary infections and chronic encephalitis. Endemically infected, gregarious odontocetes probably serve as reservoirs and vectors. Transmission likely occurs through the inhalation of aerosolized virus but mother to fetus transmission was also reported.
我们综述了鲸类麻疹病毒（CeMV）的分子和流行病学特征以及相关疾病的诊断和发病机制，在全球范围内的鲸类中检测到了六种不同的毒株。CeMV在欧洲、美国和澳大利亚的齿鲸中引发了高死亡率的疫情。它是麻疹病毒属中的一个独特物种。尽管大多数CeMV毒株在系统发育上密切相关，但最近的数据表明，从西澳大利亚的印太瓶鼻海豚（Tursiops aduncus）和巴西的圭亚那海豚（Sotalia guianensis）中分离出的麻疹病毒存在差异。CeMV的信号淋巴细胞激活分子（SLAM）细胞受体已在鲸类中得到表征。与反刍动物的SLAM相比，它与食肉动物或人类的受体具有更高的氨基酸同一性，这反映了这些哺乳动物类群的进化历史。在海豚科中，三个氨基酸取代可能导致对该病毒的亲和力更高。通过组织学、免疫组织化学、病毒分离、逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和血清学进行感染诊断。典型的CeMV相关病变包括支气管间质性肺炎、脑炎、多核巨细胞和与免疫抑制相关的淋巴细胞耗竭。在急性疾病中存活下来的鲸类可能会发生致命的继发感染和慢性脑炎。地方性感染的群居齿鲸可能充当储存宿主和传播媒介。传播可能通过吸入雾化病毒发生，但也有母婴传播的报道。
