Lavoipierre A M
Radclin Medical Imaging, Cabrini Hospital, 183 Wattletree Road, Malvern, Victoria 3144, Australia.
World J Surg. 2000 Feb;24(2):198-207. doi: 10.1007/s002689910033.
Considerable advances have occurred in the sonographic imaging of small parts over recent years, including improved transducer technology and Doppler imaging. After reviewing briefly prostatic anatomy, including McNeal's concept of zonal anatomy, the techniques used for examining the prostate gland sonographically and for performing biopsy are discussed. Ultrasound (US) findings in the normal gland, in benign prostatic hyperplasia, and in prostatic cancer are described, with an emphasis on cancer. The role of targeted and random biopsy is assessed, as is the role of color Doppler in detecting prostatic cancer. An overview of the findings in inflammation and infertility also is provided. The technique used for examining the scrotum and testicles is discussed after a short review of scrotal anatomy. The sonographic appearances of the normal scrotal contents are described, followed by a discussion of findings in tumors, inflammatory conditions, and testicular torsion. A synopsis of the appearances of cysts and microlithiasis also is provided. Both the increased use and expectations by surgeons of US in the assessment of the prostate and testicles make it imperative to understand the techniques, range of findings, new developments, and limitations involved in using this modality.
近年来，小器官超声成像取得了显著进展，包括换能器技术和多普勒成像的改进。在简要回顾前列腺解剖结构（包括麦克尼尔的分区解剖概念）后，讨论了超声检查前列腺及进行活检的技术。描述了正常前列腺、良性前列腺增生和前列腺癌的超声表现，重点是前列腺癌。评估了靶向活检和随机活检的作用，以及彩色多普勒在检测前列腺癌中的作用。还概述了炎症和不育症的相关发现。在简要回顾阴囊解剖结构后，讨论了检查阴囊和睾丸的技术。描述了正常阴囊内容物的超声表现，随后讨论了肿瘤、炎症性疾病和睾丸扭转的相关发现。还提供了囊肿和微结石症表现的概要。外科医生在评估前列腺和睾丸时对超声的使用增加且期望提高，这使得了解使用这种检查方式所涉及的技术、发现范围、新进展和局限性变得势在必行。
