Role of growth hormone in development and maintenance of follicles and corpora lutea.

Growth hormone (GH) is a pituitary hormone that affects animal growth, metabolism, lactation, and reproduction. Many of the effects of GH are mediated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) which is synthesized in liver and ovary in response to GH. Insulin-like growth factor I synergizes with gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) to stimulate growth and differentiation of ovarian cells. There are species differences in the effects of GH in reproductive biology. In most species, ovarian follicles and corpora lutea are potential sites for GH action because the GH receptor is found within granulosal cells as well as corpora lutea. However, growth hormone does not control ovarian IGF-I in all species and, in ruminants, endocrine IGF-I from liver may be the principal mediator of GH action. In cattle, administration of GH increases the number of small antral ovarian follicles but does not increase the number of large antral (dominant) follicles. Growth hormone may antagonize some aspects of dominant follicular function because dominant follicles are shorter-lived in GH-treated cattle. The corpora lutea has increased growth and steroidogenesis in response to GH. Growth hormone-induced steroidogenesis in cultured granulosal and luteal cells depends on IGF-I release after GH treatment. Bovine and ovine granulosal cells do not release IGF-I in response to GH in vitro and, therefore, are less responsive to GH. These results demonstrate that GH is required for normal reproductive function in ruminant as well as nonruminant species.