Surface plasmon resonance kinetic studies of the HIV TAR RNA kissing hairpin complex and its stabilization by 2-thiouridine modification.

Surface plasmon resonance (BIACORE) was used to determine the kinetic values for formation of the HIV TAR-TAR* ('kissing hairpin') RNA complex. The TAR component was also synthesized with the modified nucleoside 2-thiouridine at position 7 in the loop and the kinetics and equilibrium dissociation constants compared with the unmodified TAR hairpin. The BIACORE data show an equilibrium dissociation constant of 1.58 nM for the complex containing the s(2)U modified TAR hairpin, which is 8-fold lower than for the parent hairpin (12.5 nM). This is a result of a 2-fold faster k(a) (4.14x10(5) M(-1) s(-1) versus 2.1x10(5) M(-1) s(-1)) and a 4-fold slower k(d) (6.55x10(-4) s(-1) versus 2.63x10(-3) s(-1)). (1)H NMR imino spectra show that the secondary structure interactions involved in complex formation are retained in the s(2)U-modified complex. Magnesium has been reported to significantly stabilize the TAR-TAR* complex and we found that Mn(2+) and Ca(2+) are also strongly stabilizing, while Mg(2+) exhibited the greatest effect on the complex kinetics. The stabilizing effects of 2-thiouridine indicate that this base modification may be generally useful as an antisense RNA modification for oligonucleotide therapeutics which target RNA loops.