Gene therapy for angiogenesis, restenosis and related diseases.

Gene therapy may be useful for the treatment of atherosclerosis and related diseases. Gene transfer to vascular system can be performed both via intravascular and extravascular routes. Gene transfer to other tissues, such as liver and muscle, can also be used. The first clinical trials for the induction of therapeutic angiogenesis with VEGF gene transfer are under way, and preliminary results are promising. In the prevention of restenosis genes inhibiting cellular proliferation and increasing NO production, such as NOS and VEGF, have been used. However, more basic research is needed to fully understand pathophysiological mechanisms involved in conditions related to atherosclerosis. Also, further developments in gene transfer vectors and gene delivery techniques are required for the improvement of the efficacy of gene therapy.